The U.S. has imposed new tariffs of 10 and 12.5 per cent on goods from 60 countries, including Nigeria, over alleged forced labour.

The new tariffs, which take effect at 12:01 a.m. on Friday, replace a global 10 per cent duty imposed earlier by President Donald Trump and expire at midnight on Friday.

The new duties follow a five-month investigation into trading partners’ efforts to root out products made with forced labour from their supply chains, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) says.

The report alleged that Nigeria and 53 other economies have failed ”to impose a legal prohibition on the importation of goods produced wholly or in part with forced labour and to effectively enforce such a prohibition.”

The U.S. government said the Section IV of its investigation particularly found that Nigeria’s “failure to impose and effectively enforce a forced labour import prohibition is unreasonable”.

“In section V, we found that the failure to impose and effectively enforce a forced labour import prohibition burdens or restricts U.S. commerce.

“For the foregoing reasons, the results of this investigation indicate that the acts, policies, and practices of Nigeria related to the failure to impose and effectively enforce a forced labour import prohibition are unreasonable and burden or restrict U.S. commerce,” it said.

The new tariffs, which will exempt oil and gas and fertiliser, followed the Supreme Court striking down earlier duties President Donald Trump imposed last year in February.

The U.S. regretted that, despite longstanding and universal agreement, forced labour persists globally and has even increased in recent years, abetted by international trade.

“The United States has had a forced labour import ban for nearly a century and rigorously enforces it; it’s well past time for our trading partners to do the same,” said U.S. Trade Representative Jamieson Greer.

“Today’s action will begin to correct what is both a human rights abuse and a distortive trade practice to improve the welfare of workers everywhere,” he added.

The U.S. stressed that the existence of national laws prohibiting forced labour has been insufficient to curb the use of forced labour, including the production of goods with forced labour.

It argued that trade creates incentives for the use of forced labour because goods produced with forced labour generate substantial sales, revenues and profits.

The U.S. argued that the existence of forced labour imports in markets across the globe has nurtured an economic system that favours the use of forced labour or forced labour inputs.

“Eliminating forced labour is a moral and economic imperative and trade is a critical means to assist in that goal,” the U.S. said.

The ILO estimates that as of 2021, 27.6 million people globally (3.5 out of every 1,000 people) have been forced to work against their will in both the public and private sectors of many economies. It also found that the number of persons working in conditions against their will increased from 2016 to 2021.

According to ILO, 86 per cent of forced labour occurs in the private economy, with the remainder accounted for by state-imposed forced labour.

The ILO finds further that the majority of forced labour in the private economy (63 per cent) does not involve commercial sexual exploitation and therefore has the potential to impact the trade in goods and services.

The U.S. said international commitments reflect increasing awareness of the need to address trade in forced labour goods, growing acceptance of forced labour import prohibitions as a universal norm, and greater recognition that trade is a critical means to accomplish such a goal.

It added that these commitments demonstrated that the international community agreed that forced labour, and by extension goods produced using forced labour, should not exist or alter the conditions of competition in international trade.

See full list below:

1. Algeria
2. Angola
3. Argentina
4. Australia
5. The Bahamas
6. Bahrain
7. Bangladesh
8. Brazil
9. Cambodia
10. Canada
11. Chile
12. China, People’s Republic of
13. Colombia
14. Costa Rica
15. Dominican Republic
16. Ecuador
17. Egypt
18. El Salvador
19. European Union
20. Guatemala
21. Guyana
22. Honduras
23. Hong Kong, China
24. India
25. Indonesia
26. Iraq
27. Israel
28. Japan
29. Jordan
30. Kazakhstan
31. Kuwait
32. Libya
33. Malaysia
34. Mexico
35. Morocco
36. New Zealand
37. Nicaragua
38. Nigeria
39. Norway
40. Oman
41. Pakistan
42. Peru
43. Philippines
44. Qatar
45. Russia
46. Saudi Arabia
47. Singapore
48. South Africa
49. South Korea
50. Sri Lanka
51. Switzerland
52. Taiwan
53. Thailand
54. Trinidad and Tobago
55. Türkiye
56. United Arab Emirates
57. United Kingdom
58. Uruguay
59. Venezuela
60. Vietnam